枣果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性与抗裂果的关系

【目的】测定枣果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性,研究果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性与抗裂果的关系。【方法】以抗裂枣品种扁核酸与易裂枣品种京枣39为研究对象,测定生长过程中枣果皮不同部位细胞壁代谢酶活性,比较抗裂和易裂枣品种果皮细胞壁代谢酶活性的差异。【结果】抗裂枣品种不同时期不同部位果皮的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性显著或极显著高于易裂枣品种,而在绿熟期不同部位抗裂品种的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著低于易裂品种。【结论】易裂品种果皮果肩阴面POD活性和PPO活性在白熟期显著高于抗裂品种,而其余时期其余部位则是抗裂品种的POD活性和PPO活性显著高于易裂品种,易裂品种果皮的梗洼、果顶、果肩阳面和果肩阴面CAT活性在绿熟期极显著高于抗裂品种,而其余时期则是抗裂品种高于易裂品种。     

电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器设计与试验

油茶果机械化采摘是目前亟待解决的难题,其中花苞损伤又成为机械采摘难以克服的问题。设计了一种电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器,分析了胶辊机构采摘油茶果的过程和原理,得到了油茶果碰撞脱落的临界条件。通过对采摘头回转架组件参数设计,确定了回转架组件上对辊间距有效调节范围为20~65 mm,初步拟定回转架转速范围为20~40 r/min。在江西农业大学油茶林进行了油茶果采摘试验,并对电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器作业中油茶花苞损伤进行了研究。结果表明:当胶辊直径为30 mm,间距为25 mm,胶辊旋转速度为30 r/min,胶辊线速度为0.833 m/s时,直径大于25 mm的油茶果能全部被采摘,漏采率为13.6%,且未开的花苞未见明显损伤。     

四川省辣椒种质资源的辣椒素含量评价

为了解四川省辣椒资源的辣椒素含量分布,为辣椒资源分类、鉴定、保存和育种提供参考,采用GB/T 21266—2007的方法对四川省83份辣椒种质资源的辣椒素含量和果形进行研究。结果表明：（1）辣椒外形和辣椒素含量无显著相关性;（2）83份参试材料的辣椒素含量差异显著,辣椒素含量最高为22.61 g/kg,最低仅为0.16 g/kg,平均含量2.20 g/kg;（3）通过类平均法将83份辣椒种质资源按照辣椒素含量聚为5类,分别为极高、高、普通、低、极低,普通和极低类群包含的种质最多,分别为18、48份,而极高和高包含的种质最少,分别为2、8份。本研究明确了一批四川辣椒种质的辣椒素含量,为辣椒种质资源的研究利用提供了理论依据。     

土施钾肥对骏枣叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以新疆阿拉尔垦区直播密植栽培模式下的4年生骏枣为试验材料,研究了密植枣园硫酸钾不同施用量和施肥时期对骏枣叶片光合特性及果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,土施钾肥显著提高叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn),以果实膨大期或坐果期结合膨大期土壤追施硫酸钾450 kg/hm~2处理的效果最为显著,而坐果期施钾肥显著降低骏枣叶片气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)。骏枣叶片水分利用效率(WUE)随着施钾量的增加而提高,且施肥时期越早效果越显著;蒸腾速率随施钾量的增加而降低,胞间二氧化碳(Ci)含量未受钾肥调控影响。增施钾肥显著提高了骏枣果实单果重、可溶性糖、淀粉及Vc含量,降低有机酸含量,从而提高糖酸比,并提高单果重和鲜果产量,以果实膨大期土施钾肥450 kg/hm~2效果最为显著,其次为果实硬核期施肥。     

Non‐specific immune responses and intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract

This study investigated the effects of Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) fruit extract (JFE) as an excellent source of nutrients and phytochemicals on the innate immune responses and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Three hundred healthy carps (10.78 ± 0.05 g) fingerlings were randomly allocated to 12 fibre glass tanks (300L; 15 fish per tank) and fed for 8 weeks with experimental diets which contained different levels of JFE (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1%). Thereafter, serum non‐specific immune parameters [total immunoglobulin (Ig) as well as alternative complement (ACH50) and lysozyme activity (SL)] and expression of genes involved in intestinal immunity (lyz, tnf‐alpha, il1b, il8, il10, and tgfb) were measured. The results revealed a significant elevation of Ig level in the JFE‐fed fish (p < 0.05) over the control fish. However, there was no significant difference among treated groups in case of serum total Ig. The highest levels of SL and ACH50 were observed in fish fed 1% of JFE. Nonetheless, no significant difference was noticed regarding SL and ACH50 of control and other supplemented groups (0.25% and 0.5% JFE). Also, expression of lyz, tnf‐alpha, and il1b genes increased significantly (p < 0.05) in JFE‐fed fish, in a dose‐dependent manner. On the other hand, significant (p < 0.05) down‐regulation of il110 and tgfb were noticed in treated groups. The present findings suggested that extraction of Jujube, Z. jujube fruit, possesses beneficial effects on immune responses of common carp.     

Nutritional and Functional Properties of Two Dried Brown Seaweeds Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica

Sirophysalis trinodis and Polycladia myrica, two brown seaweeds present on the southeast coast of Iran, were evaluated for their nutritional and functional properties after drying. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of crude polysaccharides revealed the characteristic absorption bands of phenol, O–H, C–H, C–O–S, C–O, C=O, C–H groups, and β-glycosidic linkages from cellulose, with the sulfate contents estimated as 4.89 ± 0.11% and 6.96 ± 0.05% of SO₄^?2. Results of nutritional profiles revealed all of the essential amino acids, especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, phenyl alanine, and arginine. In addition, important fatty acids such as linolenic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid were found in high amounts. The other nutritional components present in high amounts were proline and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc. The antibacterial activity was weak, but the result of antioxidant activities (hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging and ferrous-ion chelating ability) of crude polysaccharides was considerable. In general, the findings of this study recommend that S. trinodis and P. myrica dried seaweeds have a potent nutritional value and might be used as a valuable source of nutrient supplements for humans and animals.     

设施葡萄不同新梢间距处理对冠层光环境及果实品质的影响

选用6年生‘贝达’砧木嫁接的‘京蜜’葡萄为试材,在控制果实负载量相同的前提下,设置10、15和20 cm新梢间距处理,连续两年研究其3种新梢间距处理条件下葡萄冠层光环境及果实品质的差异。结果表明：树体冠层总孔隙度和开度为新梢间距20 cm处理 > 15 cm处理 > 10 cm处理,叶面积指数和光能截获率表现相反,新梢间距10 cm 处理 > 15 cm处理 > 20 cm处理。20 cm间距处理光能利用率低,10 cm处理叶面积指数过高,树体郁闭,15 cm处理叶面积指数合理,光能利用率高。果实单粒质量在新梢间距15 和20 cm处理间无显著差异,显著高于10 cm处理;果皮色泽以15 cm间距处理最佳,其次为20 cm处理,10 cm处理最差。果实内在品质,可溶性糖和维生素C含量以新梢间距15 cm处理 > 20 cm处理 > 10 cm处理,可滴定酸含量表现相反趋势,10 cm间距处理最高,15和20 cm处理间无显著差异。特征香气组分中具有玫瑰香味的芳樟醇与绿叶清香和果香的正己醛含量均以15 cm间距处理显著高于其他两个处理;清香和果香味的橙花醇、花香味的香叶醇、甜玫瑰香味的香茅醇及绿叶清香和果香味的2–己烯醛含量均以15和20 cm新梢间距处理显著高于10 cm处理。15 cm间距处理挥发性香气物质的含量较高,表现更浓的品种香气。综合认为,设施栽培中水平龙干树形配合高光效V形叶幕的‘京蜜’葡萄以新梢间距15 cm处理表现最佳。     

黄肉桃中PpSGRs对蓝光的响应及其对贮藏中类胡萝卜素积累的影响

为揭示蓝光处理促进黄肉桃果实类胡萝卜素积累的机制,以黄肉桃‘金丽’果实为研究对象,从桃基因组中筛选出PpSGR1和PpSGRL基因进行生物信息学分析,并通过q-PCR分析PpSGR1和PpSGRL在不同组织和不同发育阶段果实及其在40 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1蓝光处理果实中的表达。结果表明,PpSGR1具有多半胱氨酸保守域,属于SGR亚族;PpSGRL基因C端突变失去多半胱氨酸保守域,属于SGR-Like亚族;PpSGR1和PpSGRL都含有叶绿体信号肽,与梅亲缘关系最近。PpSGRs在‘金丽’桃不同组织和不同成熟阶段果实中均有表达,其中PpSGR1与果实采后类胡萝卜素的合成密切相关。蓝光处理可快速抑制桃果实PpPIF3进而抑制PpSGR1的转录,促进贮藏前期果实中PpPSY的表达,提高类胡萝卜素的合成和积累。同时,蓝光处理可能通过促进桃果实内源乙烯合成,上调PpSGR1表达进而抑制PpPSY转录水平,降低桃果实贮藏后期类胡萝卜素的合成能力。